gnomAD & 1000 Genomes

gnomAD — the Genome Aggregation Database, run from the Broad Institute — is the largest publicly available aggregation of human exome and genome sequencing. The v4 release combined more than 730,000 exomes and 76,000 genomes from unrelated individuals across diverse ancestries, with quality-filtered variant calls, ancestry-stratified allele frequencies and gene-level constraint metrics (pLI, missense Z, LOEUF, the constraint sub-region scores).

It is indispensable for filtering candidate disease variants: any variant common in gnomAD is unlikely to cause a severe rare disease, and constraint metrics tell you which genes the population can tolerate disruption of. The earlier 1000 Genomes Project, completed in 2015, remains widely cited for population-genetic diversity and is integrated into many reference pipelines.